Nanoparticles can be classified into different types according to their size, morphology, and physical and chemical properties. Some of them are carbon-based nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and lipid-based nanoparticles.
Nanoparticle types are commonly divided into two main groups: organic and inorganic.
The first group includes micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, and hybrid and compact polymeric nanoparticles.
The second group includes fullerenes, quantum dots, silica and metal nanoparticles.
Another way of classifying nanoparticles is based on their morphology, size and chemical properties. Based on physical and chemical characteristics, some of the important classes of nanoparticles are:
Carbon-based – (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon dots). These materials are of great interest due to their electrical conductivity, high strength, structure, electron affinity, and versatility.
Metal – They are purely made of metal precursors. Due to well-known localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) characteristics, these possess unique optoelectrical properties.
Ceramic – These inorganic nonmetallic solids are getting great attention from researchers due to their use in applications such as catalysis, photocatalysis, photodegradation of dyes, and imaging applications.
Semiconductor – Semiconductor materials possess properties between metals and non-metals and have wide band gaps. Bandgap tuning results in a significant alteration in their properties. Therefore, they are very important materials in photocatalysis, photo optics and electronic devices.
Polymers – Scientists have developed many techniques to synthesize polymeric nanoparticles for a wide range of applications including surface coating, sensor technology, catalysis, and nanomedicine.Liquid-phase eutectic gallium–indium alloy nanoparticles
Lipids – These NPs contain lipid moieties and are used in many biomedical applications as drug carriers (the mRNA Covid-19 vaccines are using lipid nanotechnology). Lipid nanoparticles are also regarded as highly promising systems for delivering nucleic acids in gene therapy.
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